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Establishment of System for Automatic Monitoring of Water Quality of Key River Basins The State Environmental Protection Administration established the monitoring stations for automatic monitoring of water quality in key river basins such as Huai River and Tai Lake in order to strengthen the capacity of automatic monitoring and supervision of the water quality in key river basins. By the end of 2000, 40 automatic monitoring stations have been established through the public investment. It is estimated that the number will rise to 98 by the end of the tenth five-year plan period. In addition, some provinces and cities like Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Heilongjiang and Shanghai have established 16 auto monitoring stations through their own investment.
By the end of 2000, the population in rural areas having benefited from water supply has reached 881 million out of the total 954 people for rural population, accounting for 92.4% of the total. There are 674,600 running water plants and water supply stations in the rural areas across China. The population using running water is 527 million people, accounting for 55.2% of the total rural population. There are 48.91 million wells using hand-pressure machines and the population drinking water from such wells is 223 million people, accounting for 23.3% of the total rural population. The rate of drinking water quality that comply with the water health standards reached 62.1%, according to the result of the monitoring at the selected points across China. By the end of 2000, various clean toilets have been built in 107 million households in the rural area among 238 million rural families across China(Xizang not included in the statistics). The rate of use of such toilets in China was 45.0%. The rate of environmentally friendly disposal of human wastes from those toilets is 31.2%.
Progress in Implementation of Ozone Treaties The government of China continues its effort to implement the treaties for protection of the ozone layer. Progress has been achieved in various areas. In 2000, a grant of 7.6 million USD from the Multilateral Fund was approved for the projects from China, including the solvent sector plan and tobacco sector plan. By the end of 2000, the grant from the Multilateral Fund for China's projects and sector plans totaled 576 million USD. China has achieved the freeze in CFC production by having closed down 30 CFC factories and reduced CFC production by 33.0%. China has also closed down 12 halon factories which resulted in a reduction of halon production by 66.7%. In the consumption sector, China has achieved a reduction of more than 30,000 tons of ODS. Up to now, the substitute production for the halon and production sectors has begun. With this, four simultaneous steps have started in the factory closure, consumption substitution, substitute production and the regulatory construction for phasing out ODS.
Further Establishment of Ecological Demonstration Zones In 2000, SEPA convened the Meeting for Awarding National Ecological Demonstration Zones". At this meeting, thirty-three zones were awarded the national ecological demonstration zones, including one in Yanqing County, Beijing. 58 cities and counties, including Zhuozhou, Hebei Province, were approved as the fifth group of pilot units for establishing the national demonstration zones. By the end of 2000, the number of national and other demonstration zones has come up to 213. Three provinces, Hainan, Jilin and Heilongjiang, are planning to establish ecological provinces.
Quantitative and Indicator-based Examination of Urban Environmental Improvements The result of the quantitative and indicator-based examination of urban environmental improvements of 46 cities in 2000 is that the top ten is Guilin, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Chengdu, Tianjin, Changchun, Xi'an, Guangzhou and Shenyang. (The results of examination of nine national environmental model cities, including Haikou, Qingdao, Shantou, Zhuhai, Yantai, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Dalian and Suzhou, are better than other examined cities but not listed in the ranking.)
Environmental Standards and Technical Policy In 2000, SEPA completed the revision of the standard for air quality and formulated and issued the four sets of standards for pollutant control, including the one for control of pollution of municipal waste incineration. The accreditation of 119 products for pollution control has been organized and 82 applicable technologies for environmental protection have been publicized. SEPA and the Ministry of Construction formulated and issued the technical policy for municipal wastewater treatment and pollution prevention and control and the technical policy for municipal waste disposal and pollution control.
Survey of Current Ecological and Environmental Status of West China To implement the strategy of Western China Development, SEPA has undertaken a survey in an area of more than 6.7 million square kilometers in the western part of China, mainly through remote sensing and combined with field surveys. Through understanding the ecological and environmental status, social and economic development levels and ecological disasters of west China, this survey aims to make sure that the social, economic and environmental sustainability will be guaranteed in the process of West China Development. This survey has resulted in a database of SOE of West China by compiling the basic data obtained through this survey, and a report on analysis of the environmental quality of West China.
Desertification Prevention and Control Around Beijing In 2000, the central government initiated demonstration projects for desertification prevention and control in the areas around Beijing. The pilot work covered 65 counties of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia. The seven types of projects were included, such as construction of water-economy grassland, reform in husbandry production pattern, control of desertified grassland, control of sand dunes, return of arable land to forestry and grassland, comprehensive management in river basin and protection of forestry and grassland habitats. Through the implementation of these projects, 185,000 hectares of trees were planted in bald mountains and degraded land. 28,000 hectares of land were returned to forestry and grassland. 4000 hectares of grassland were built by artificial means. 25,000 hectares of grassland were planted through plane seeding. 67,000 hectares of grassland were closed for nurturing and conservation. 53,000 hectares of grassland were built. The river basin management covered an area of 600 square kilometers.
National Environmental Model Cities In 2000, SEPA awarded the title of national environmental model city to Qingdao City and Wendeng City of Shandong Province and Jiangyin City of Jiangsu Province. By the end of 2000, China has had altogether 17 national environmental model cities and 2 model districts.
Air Pollution Control in Beijing In 2000, the air quality of Beijing city proper continued to improve. The SO2, NO2, TSP and CO in the air have decreased by 13%, 15%, 14% and 7% respectively compared with the situation in 1999. The number of the days in a year with the air pollution indexes equal to and better than that of Grade II has increased from 27% to 45%. The number of the days in a year with the air pollution indexes equal to or better than that of Grade III has risen from 61% to 80%.
Environment Management of Construction Projects In 2000, the total number of new construction projects that should be subject to EIAs was 142,561. The actual number of new projects that have gone through EIA approval was 135,148, with the rate of implementation of EIAs reaching 94.8%. SEPA approved 198 reports of EIA and rejected 2 reports while having approved 26 forms of EIA required for some projects. The total number of the projects subject to the implementation of the rule of "three simultaneity" should be 312,285 and the actual number of the projects that followed this rule was 30,671. Among these, 29,719 projects have been commissioned as having fulfilled the requirements. The rate of implementation and qualification of "three simultaneity" was 94.9%. SEPA commissioned the environmental facilities for 86 big and super big construction projects.
Progress in Implementing "China's Cross-century Green Projects Plan "Remarkable results have been achieved since China's Cross-century Green Projects Plan" was implemented four years ago. By 2000, 836 projects have been completed and 409 projects are ongoing, accounting for 85.7% of the total projects. A total of 110.7 billion yuan RMB have been invested in these projects, accounting for 73.8% of the total investment in the projects. The rate of project construction and completion in 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities has exceeded 80%, 13 more in the number of provinces. Some provinces like Liaoning, Fujian, Hainan, Xizang, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and some cities like Dalian, Ningbo and Xiamen has started or completed all of their projects.
Environmental Investment Accounts for 1.1% of GDP In 2000, the total environmental investment was 106.07 billion yuan, 28.8% up over the previous year. Among this, an investment of 56.13 billion yuan was made in the urban environmental infrastructure construction, 17.2% increase over the previous year. 23.94 billion yuan was invested in the control of old pollution sources, 56.8% up over the previous year. An environmental investment of 26 billion yuan was made in the new construction projects to meet the requirements of the rule of "three simultaneity", 35.7% increase over the previous year.
Construction of Urban Infrastructure and Public Utilities In 2000, the water supply in cities continued adjustment and water conservation was actively promoted. The total urban water supply amounted to 49.6 billion cubic meters, 200 million increase over the previous year. The rate of water use accessibility in cities was 96.7%, 0.4% upper. The gas supply and integrated heating had new developments. The gas supply is constantly increasing. The rate of gas use was 84.1%, 2.4% upper. The area of integrated heating was 1,107,660,000 square meters, 14.5% increase over the previous year. The rate of municipal waste water treatment was 34.2%, 2.3% increase over the year before. The green landscaping was remarkably enhanced in cities. In 2000, the green coverage in cities was 28.1%, 0.5% increase over the previous year. The area per capita of the green land was 6.8 square meters, 0.3 square meters increase over the previous year.The construction of urban environmental and health facilities was speeding up. The city landscapes had remarkable changes. A total of 146,648,000 tons of municipal wastes and human refuses have been transported and cleaned away in 2000. The municipal and human wastes in big and medium-sized cities were cleaned away on the day when they were generated.
Management of Municipal Wastes The Ministry of Construction requested eight cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen and Guilin to undertake pilot work in classified collection of municipal wastes. The pilot work covered the recycling of used paper, plastics and batteries. The minimization and reuse of municipal wastes were promoted.
"One Control and Two Targets" Basically Achieved By the end of 2000, 12 main pollutants(flue gas, dust, ash, powder, SO2, COD, petroleum, chrome, cyanide, arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium and solid wastes) were reduced in total amount by 10% to 15% on the average compared with the situation in 1995. The target for total-amount control of main pollutants at the level of 1995 has been achieved. Among 238,000 enterprises across the country, more than 90% have complied with the emission standard for main pollutants. 85% of 18,000 enterprises with the pollution load making up 65% of the total have complied with the emission standards. Among 520 key state-owned enterprises, 95.7% have achieved the compliance. Among 46 key cities for environmental protection, 25 have complied with the standard for air quality in terms of the functions assigned to them. The surface water quality of 36 cities has met the standard of the water body functions. 22 cities have met the standards for air quality and surface water.
Accreditation of EMS (ISO 14000) In 2000, SEPA awarded the national model zone of ISO 14000 to four economic and technical development zones in Dalian, Shanghai(Jinqiao), Tianjin and Wuxi. By the end of 2000, China has had five model zones of this kind. The pilot work in accreditation of ISO 14000 has been widely undertaken in 13 cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Tianjin Municipal EPA was the first environment department at the provincial level to have established the system of ISO 14000. By the end of 2000, 17 enterprises in China have been accredited by the national designated institute for accreditation of ISO 14000. 90 consulting institutions and one training center have been qualified by SEPA. 201 accreditors and 1907 interns have been registered. 510 organizations have passed the accreditation of ISO 14000.
Accreditation of Environment-labeled Products In 2000, 249 products from 56 enterprises have been awarded the environmental labels. By the end of 2000, a total of 704 products from 222 enterprises have been given such a label. The diseases which are controlled as endemic diseases in China include fluorine poisoning, osteoarthritis deformans(Kaschin-Beck disease), Keshan disease, iodine deficiency, pestis, schistosomiasis, brucellosis(abortus fever) and arsenic poisoning. China is a country where endemic diseases are epidemic. All 31 provinces, autonomous regions and province-level municipalities have epidemic endemic diseases in varying degrees. By the end of 2000, 184 out of 1306 counties with epidemic fluorine poisoning have controlled the disease, accounting for 14.1%. 248 out of 319 counties with Keshan disease have controlled the disease, accounting for 77.7%. 154 out of 351 counties with osteoarthritis deformans have controlled the disease, accounting for 43.9%. 1661 out of 2452 counties with iodine deficiency have controlled the disease, accounting for 67.7% of the total. 243 out of 413 counties with pestis have complied with the standard of the disease eradication, accounting for 58.8% of the total.
Since 2000, China has begun pilot work in returning land to forestry and grassland in 188 counties in the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities such as Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. 398,000 hectares of land have been returned to forestry and grassland, accounting for 102.5% of the planned target. 478,000 hectares of trees and grass have been planted in bald mountains and land suitable for afforestation, accounting for 102% of the planned tasks.
International cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Environment In 2000, remarkable progress have been achieved in the international cooperation and exchanges in the field of environment. Premier Zhu Rongji visited Bulgaria in June 2000 and the governments of the two countries signed an agreement for cooperation in environmental protection. The Tripartie Meeting was successfully organized for the Environment Ministers of Japan, Korea and China. During this meeting, a joint communique was signed. China and Germany jointly organized a conference for environmental cooperation and issued a joint statement and action agenda for environmental protection. China also successfully organized the fourth session of Phase II of China Council for Cooperation in Environment and Development. China participated in the First Environmental Ministerial Forum, which was organized by UNEP. China also participated in other important global and regional environmental meetings such as ECO 2000, 8th Informal Meeting of Environmental Ministers and the Conference of Northeast Asia Environmental Cooperation and Dialogue. China has officially participated in the Network for Monitoring Acid Precipitation of East Asia.
Sino-German Conference for Environmental Cooperation The Sino-German Conference for Environmental Cooperation was convened in Beijing from 12 to 13 December, 2000, which was proposed jointly by Premier Zhu Rongji and Chancellor Schroeder of Germany. More than 1000 representatives from the governments, parliaments, research institutes, enterprises, non-governmental organizations and media attended the conference. 400 representatives from Germany attended the conference. During the conference, President Jiang Zemin and Premier Zhu Rongji met with the German Chancellor and Foreign Minister Fischer. Vice Premier Wen Jiabao attended the opening ceremony and addressed the conference on behalf of the Chinese government. The governments of China and Germany issued a joint statement and agenda of action for environmental protection.
In the spring of 2000, the northern parts of China had frequent sandstorms. During the two months from March to mid-May, 14 major sandstorms occurred, which caused serious weather conditions. The frequency and area of impacts were unprecedented in the past decade. The main foreign sources of sandstorms are some countries northwest to China. The domestic sources are located in the areas around Hami, Ejina, Alashan, Hetao and Hunshandake Desert. The distance of sand transportation and the area of impact were mainly dependent on the weather conditions. 
The
World Environmental Day: Environment Is For Future---Everybody,
Act!
Environmental
Protection measures in Beijing Nowadays Beijing is facing many environmental problems, especially air pollution. However, many measures have been taken to improve the environmental quality, it is sure that such measures is not only for the applying of the Olympic games, but the holding of Olympic games will bring to Beijing the greatest environmental wealth beyond the memory of man. According to the sustainable development plan in Beijing(1998-2007), about twenty key programs and a series of environmental protection measures will be established , such as the transplant of factories, the use of natural gases and tree planting ,which will cost 10 billions, four percent of Beijing’s GDP ,and three billon has been invested in .And it will definitely improve the environmental quality dramatically till 2007: atmosphere quality forecast index will be steady at the second level, and we will have a bluer sky free of suspended particles; about ten internationally standard sewage disposal plants will efficiently dispose 90% pollution water, and about thirty percent pollution water will，be recycled ,which is equal to the level of cities in developed countries, such as New York ,Tokyo; drinking water quality will dramatically improved, and all the daily index will meet the state standers; traffic roads will reach 1000, and there will be 1800 autobuses, tailed gases of automobiles will be reduced greatly to reach European standards 2. pollution caused by 2.5 million automobiles will be much less than that by 1.5 million; heavily polluted industries will be transplanted out of cities, and all the city wastes will be disposed free from harm; the most advanced incinerators will be put into use in Beijing, besides, wastes of more than 500 hospitals will be conveyed by special vehicles or by special packaging through optimized waste- disposal network ;during the tenth five-year plan ,the ratio of virescence in Beijing will amount to 48 percent with three green ecotypic safeguards consisted of hills ,plains and green segregated areas .In a word, it is not hard to imagine that Beijing will becoming more and more qualified to a beautiful modern international metropolis. As a Olympic sponsor, Beijing will invest 10 billions to improve Olympic gymkana (Olympic park, Olympic game village and the State Park with the area of 780ha). The concept of green Olympic just embodies the systematic combination of function, environmental protection, energy saving and aesthetics, that is ,except for tree planting ,we will also make most of the solar energy, nontoxic building materials and such as environmental Protection measures .. Corresponding to the relationship between environmental treatment and applying of Olympic games, Xie Zhenhua, the director general of environmental bureau, said that the improvement of the environmental quality is just at the beginning, but it will be out of question that till 2008, air quality will reach the international standers, and during the Olympic game, the are quality will reach the special standers of WHO.”
The World Environmental Day: Environment Is For Future---Everybody, Act! June 5th, 2000 is the 28th World Environmental Day. The Day’s topic is “Environment Is For Future---Everybody, Act!”, With the advent of the Day, all kinds of activities for environment, such as planting trees and grass, street rallies, bike touring, green concerts are held world widely, in an effort to improve the public awareness for environment protection. The main celebrations of this year’s Environmental Day are held in Australia. On June 4th, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) chaired the award ceremony for “ the best 500 for the global environment”.500 persons or organizations are awarded for their great contribution for environment protection. In a national park of England ,a three-day International Children’s Environmental Protection convention was held from June 2nd. The worldwide environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction are threatening human’s living conditions. Realizing the seriousness of the problem, United Nations held the 1st Human and Environment Protection Meeting in Stockholm, Sweden which was attended by 1300 delegates from 133 countries. The meeting constituted the famous document, “ Human’s declaration for environment” and an “ action program” for protecting the world environment. Beside, the meeting agreed on the common principal about human’s right and obligation for the global environment protection and held that “human should protect and improve the environment for the favor of the current generation and future’s generation”. It was on this meeting that “World Environmental Day” was suggested by the delegates of the meeting. In October of the same year, the 27th United Nations’ meeting passed the suggestion that June 5th be “the World Environmental Day”. From then on, Every year’s Environmental Day had an action topic. The globe of earth, is our common home for survival and development. However, from the beginning of this century, with the development of science and technology, and the increasing enlargement of economy, great changes happened to the earth. Just as it was pointed out in a report named “The Year 2000 Forcast For Global Environment” by UNEP, the 21st century’s world environmental development will face great challenges because our steps to solve environmental problems lag far behind the speed of environment worsening. The report also pointed out that the global warming is unavoidable; there are about 20 percent of world population who have difficulty to get secure drinkable water; 1/3 of mammals on earth are on the brink of distinction; On the past 30 years, various of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, forest fires have been happening more and more often and seriously which killed about 3 million lives; armed conflicts and refugee rushes are causing more serious destruction for environments than ever.
The eco-environmental issues caused by mining process As it has gained great achievements, mining industry has damaged eco-environment as follows. 1.Exhaust gas, dust
and waste residue caused during the process of exploitation of mine
caused air pollution and acid rain.
Improvement of Drinking Water Condition and Lavatory Condition in the Country As water quality in many countryside is per se very low, the sanitary protection of water source is not enough, and the drinking water is not disinfected, the occurring and prevailing of infectious disease spreading through water are much more frequent in the country than in the country. Improvement and sanitary protection of water aims at improving the condition of drinking water, improving sanitation quality of drinking water and decreasing occurring of infectious disease though water. The occurring of infectious disease spreading through water is directly related with the popularization of sanitation knowledge and the drinking sanitation habit of rural inhabitants, therefor, popularization of sanitation knowledge is necessary, and environmental sanitation establishment must be set up to cut off the spreading path of infectious disease, so as to effectively reduce the occurring rate of infectious disease, and to debase the pollution of water supply source The program of improving water condition has greatly accelerated the economic development and structure adjustment. So the scope of improving water condition had extend from merely sanitary protection to all-around social function.
As night soil is the prime criminal that causes intestinal infectious disease, night soil harmless deposal is the key controlling the occurring of intestinal infectious disease. Healthful lavatory is characterized by night soil harmless deposal. Lavatories washed by water is better than non-water washed lavatories. But, as in fact, lavatories washed by water are limited by site, water sources and climate, and the required water quantity is more than 30 times that of the washed night soil, so in areas short of water sources , lavatories washed by water is not attainable. Therefor, non-water washed lavatories are new objects, and they can industrialize night soil sources. The existing way is disparting dungs and emictions, and making harmless by applying ashes to dungs. Such disposal can sterilize mosquito and flies, and night soil can be utilized. The improvement of lavatories is a big problem that concerns the daily activity and the building of inspirit civilization, and we can not ignore it. As the area of our country is so expansive that the living habit is very various, the building of lavatories should be various too as meeting the multitude.
Ozone is caused from photochemistry function of radiance of solar ultraviolet radiation. Ozone layer is located 20~25 kilometers above from the surface of the earth, with the thickness of 3 millimeters, which is important to the mankind .As ozone layer can absorb more than 99 percent of solar ultraviolet radiation, mankind and other organism are free from ultraviolet radiation. During the 70s in the seventieth century, the England scientist discovered for the first time by observation that the ozone concentration in the aerosphere above South Pole was decreasing gradually, which was especially obvious during September and October. American secondary planet “cloud –rain no.7” detected that the area in which the ozone layer depleted sized as ellipse, and the area were as big as the area of American country in 1985. As the area is like a dented patch, scientist called these phenomena as South Pole ozone hole. In 1989, scientist discovered that ozone layer above north pole had been seriously depleted, only slighter than that of South Pole in the degree. It indicates through investigation that the substances depleting ozone layer are CFC, Halon which caused from such substances as Chlorofluorohydrocarbon and brominefluorohydrocarbon used by mankind. The aftereffect of depleting of ozone layer:
The existing pacts protecting ozone layer are as below: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. 22 March 1985 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 16 September 1987 London adjustment and amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substance that Deplete the Ozone Layer,29 June 1990 16 September is designated as the exact day of international protection of Ozone Layer. Recently, Tepuf, execution director of UNEP, pointed out that the global warming up destroyed the ozone layer much seriously than expected, so all the countries in the world must stop using such substances that deplete ozone layer as Chlorofluorohydrocarbon and brominefluorohydrocarbon as possible as can. And he said, the latest science discovery indicated that green house gases kept heat in the trosphere of the surface of the earth from entering the stratosphere, as a result, the temperature in the stratophere declined ,which speeded the depleting of the ozone layer.
Model cities and districts of environmental protection
The rising problem in the process of Restoring plantations There are some rising problems in the demonstration of restoring plantations, mostly are as follows: in some regions, in the process of restoring plantations, so much economic woods are formed that made the purpose of “exchanging ecology with provisions” unattainable; the quantity of saplings is low, and the supply of saplings is not accord with the demand; in some regions, many plantations with good irrigation condition and fertile soil are restored that peasants are deprived of survival lands; many slope lands that should be restored remain productive, on the contrary, many survival lands are restored; after restoring , many resorted lands are used to cultivate certain saplings at certain proportion; furthermore, the quality of afforesting is not satisfying. For the present, there are 13 provinces including 312 counties that have carried out the program of restoring plantations, the number of counties increased from the planed 174 counties at rate of 79.3%. And the actual restored plantations are 5.15 million mu more than the planed areas. The survival rate of afforesting is below than 85%, even low than 70%. Many restored plantations are not afforested, as a result the lands are more vulnerable to desertivication. and soil erosion. Against the error in the process of demonstration of restoring plantations, the related principal of state forestry bureau point out that each county must perform strictly according to the demonstration assignment, preventing restoring more plantation than planed, and that slope lands of serious soil erosion should be restored, but fertile lands, flat lands and high yield lands should not be restored.
It is prescribed in the “decisions to some environmental protection questions” designed by the Chinese State that goal of “one control and two targets” be achieved by 2000.The details are as follows: the total emission amount of main pollutants must be in the prescribed total emission amount index in provinces, municipalities and cities directly under the jurisdiction of the state; pollutants caused from all industries must be controlled under the state standards or local governments standards; atmosphere qualities and water qualities of cities directly under the jurisdiction of the nation, capitals of the provinces, specially economic areas, cities along seas and important touring cities must reach individually the state functional section standards
Environmental management system（ISO14000） ISO14000 is the first common standard about the establishment, implementation and examination of interior environmental management system of organization, established by the biggest non-government international standardized organization in the world. It is mostly used by some organizations to undertake the promise and necessary obligation of abating pollution and protecting environment. ISO1400 is the core ,which aims at establishing and maintaining a EMS up to the request, and improving the environmental quality through the effect performance of repeated environmental assessment and management examination(including interior examination and exterior examination). ISO14000 series standards is another outstanding contribution after ISO9000. They Can be applied to areas such as international business, international industry, non-profitable organization. They can perfect the validity of management system and improve environmental consciousness .Like ISO9000,ISO1400 can boost the world trade organization. The significance of establishing ISO14000 is as below:
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Establishment
of System for Automatic Monitoring of Water Quality of Key River
Basins 
