中国环境状况公报2000

The trend of air quality worsening in the cities of China has somehow slowed down. The air quality of some cities is improving. However, the overall pollution level is still high. The main air pollutants are TSP and PM10. Some regions had serious pollution of SO2. A few cities had a high concentration of NOx. The scope and frequency of acid rain remains unchanged. The area affected by acid rain makes up 30% of the total land area of the country.

Urban Air Quality Among 338 monitored cities, 36.5% of them have met the national air quality standard of Grade II and 63.5% worse than Grade II. 112 cities had the air quality beyond Grade II standard, accounting for 33.1% of the total monitored cities. In general, the urban air quality was better than in 1999, which is indicated by the rising percentage of the cities having complied with the air quality standard and the reduced number of the cities with the air quality worse than Grade III.

The cities of which the average annual value of TSP and PM10 has exceeded the limit value of the national standard of Grade II accounted for 61.6% of the total cities included in the statistics. 20.7% of the cities had higher average annual concentration of sulfur dioxide than the limit value of the national standard of Grade II, with 8% down compared with 1999. The pollution of NOx was relatively serious in the super big cities where there was a high population density and a big number of vehicles.

Compared with 1999, the percentage of the cities whose air quality met the national standard of Grade II rose from 33.1% to 36.5%. The cities with the air quality worse than Grade III declined in percentage from 40.6% to 33.1%.

Among 47 key cities for environmental protection, 27 have met the national air quality standard of Grade II; 7 met the standard of Grade III and 13 had the air quality worse than Grade III.

Acid Rain There was no obvious change in the regions where acid rain occurred compared with the previous years, with the distribution in the past few years maintained. The cities whose average annual precipitation with pH value smaller than 5.6 are mainly located in the vast regions south of the Yangtse River, east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Valley. Central, South, Southwest and East China are still the regions with serious acid rain impacts. Only a small part of North China was affected by acid rain.

In 2000, among 254 monitored cities, the pH value of the precipitation ranged from 3,98 to 7.70. Acid rain occurred in 157 cities, accounting for 61.8%. The average annual pH value of 92 cities was smaller than 5.6, accounting for 36.2%.

The average annual pH value of 102 cities and regions within the acid-rain-control zone ranged from 3.98 to 6.90. Acid rain occurred in 95 cities, accounting for 93.1%. The average annual pH value of 72 cities was smaller than 5.6, accounting for 70.6%. Acid rain was not found in Shanwei, Chaohu, Qujing, Ma'anshan, Chibi, Qianjiang and Deyang.

In 2000, the total amount of emission of sulfur dioxide was 19.95 million tons, 16.12 million tons from industrial sources and 3.83 million tons from municipal sources. The total amount of emission of flue gas and dust was 11.65 million tons, 9.53 million tons from industrial sources and 2.12 million tons from municipal sources. The total amount of emission of industrial ashes and powders was 10.92 million tons.

Revision of Law for Air Pollution Prevention and Control The revised Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control of the People's Republic of China was ratified by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on April 29, 2000 and enacted from September, 2000. The revised Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control has more precise and stricter provisions for air pollution prevention and control.

Progress in Pollution Control in Two Control Zones By the end of September, 2000, 3735 out of 4895 key industrial enterprises of which the sulfur dioxide emission exceeded 100 tons/year have complied with the emission standard, with the rate of compliance with the targets reaching 76.3%. From January to September 2000, 4732 mines producing high-sulfur coal have been closed, which resulted in a reduction in high-sulfur coal production by 19.02 million tons. 106 units using coal for power generation have been shut down. 862 lines for small-scale cement and glass production and 393 lines for small-scale iron and steel production have been also shut down.

Unleaded Gasoline for All Vehicles By the end of June, 2000, China has phased out leaded gasoline for vehicles, with the unleaded content in the gasoline above 99%. With the use of unleaded gasoline across the country, an emission of more than 1500 tons of lead can be reduced annually. The concentration of lead in the urban air quality will be substantially reduced. Those cities that use unleaded gasoline ahead of other cities have begun to take the leadership in controlling other pollution indexes in the gasoline, such as sulfur, olefin and aromatic hydrocarbon.

Daily Report of Air Quality in Key Cities From June 5, 2000, some media like CCTV began to report daily the air quality of 42 key cities. The 55 cities report their local air quality daily through local television stations and other media.

Unit: ten thousand Year	Sulfur Dioxide from Industry	Sulfur Dioxide from Life	Soot from Industry	Soot from Life	Powder from Industry
2000	1621	383	953	212	1092
1999	1460	397	953	206	1175
1998	1594	497	1175	277	1322
1997	1852	494	1565	308	1505

Emended law air pollution and prevention and control put into practice since September 1st, 2001. This is the second entire emendation after "law of air pollution prevention and control" passed by Committee of People's congress Council in September of 1987 and the first emendation by Committee of People's congress Council in 1995. The new law is an important law to prevent and control air from polluting, it embodied out governmental determination on enforcing air pollution preventing and controlling and improving environmental quality.

　　 In the emended law of air pollution prevention and control, important policies and tactics by the Central Committee of Communist Party and State Department are embodied in controlling air pollution, such as system in the control of total amount of pollutants, system of licence, system of charging for draining contamination instead of system of charging for excess of standard, establish status of the law, carrying out instructing according to sorts, stressing on solving city's air pollution, sculling some cities especially stressing on controlling air pollution, carrying out report on city air pollution, enhancing prevention and cure of vehicles' drainage and city dust, popularize production and use of clean energy, and so on. Obligation regulated by the law should be richer, more pertinence and maneuverability and provide powerful guarantee on carrying out the law.

The emended law of air pollution prevention and control made more progress compared to the former:

1. Reinforcing the prevention. To enhance the control of drainage of vehicle, the emended law gives particular regulations on vehicle making, using and maintaining, quality of fuel, monitor and inspection.

2. Strengthening control of city dust. The draft regulate: "City government should adapt measures as afforestation duty policy, increase area of greenbelt per person, decrease area of naked land, prevent and cure dust pollution." "Building construction or other producing dust unit must adapting measures to prevent and cure dust pollution according to local environmental protection regulations and the expense enter to produce and manage cost."

3. Forbidding let out pollution exceeding standard. The active law only regulated that charge for letting out pollution exceeding standard and didn't regulated that it is an irregularity. The emended law regulated that let out pollution exceeding standard is an irregularity. 　

4. Carrying out total control and licence of air pollutant release. The emended law of air pollution prevention and control regulated: "the areas that their air environmental quality hasn't answered for standard and that they have been sculled as acid rain controlling area and sulfur dioxide controlling area by State Department's approve". Air pollution lets out controlling by gross instead by concentration.

5. Establishing charge for system of drainage. The emended law made great progress on charge for drainage instead of charge for excessive drainage. It is based on the principle "who pollutes burdens response", which corresponds to a world-sharing principle "charge by one who polluted currently". 　

6. Carrying out clean production. No.9 in the emended law prescripts: "state encourage and sustain in exploiting and using clean energy as solar energy, wind, waterpower, etc." No.19 indicates: "corporation should preferentially adopt clean product craftwork to make full use of energy and decrease air pollutant". 　

7. Strengthening legal responsibility. The emended law subjoined and amended irregularity and punishment, and build up maneuverability and implement of the law.

From June 5th, 2000 on, CCTV broadcasts daily state of atmosphere of 42 main cities after evening news. These cities include 32 capital cities of province, municipalities directly under the Central Government and municipal capitals, ten beach cities and main tour cities. No long after that, there were more 6 beach-cities. They are: Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Huhehaote, Shenyang, Dalian, Changchun, Haerbin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Nantong, Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Hefei, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Nanchang, Jinan, Qindao, Yantai, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Zhenjiang, Nanning, Haikou, Chengdu, Chongqin, Guiyang, Kunming, Lasha, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Xining, Yinchuan, Wulumuqi. And they are being monitored and controlled by relative departments. Before this, Beijing, Tianjin had reported the state of atmosphere everyday.

The main components of vehicle exhaust are: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, volatility organic substance, etc. Sometime there was some sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide has no direct harm, but it can cause climate to warm up; nitrogen leads to acid rain, what's more, it's the main and direct reason causing higher concentration of ozone near the ground and in troposphere; carbon monoxide is severely harm, for when it enter body, it will reduce oxygen therapy; volatility organic substance and nitrogen are forebody of ozone and they also cause benzene and aldehyde to come into being; solid particle comes from not fully burning (especially from diesel oil ) and it change air's transmission and refraction, granule can enter into respiratory tract or even into lung and result in many kinds of illness.

Vehicle exhaust may cause regeneration pollution, especially ozone. Nitrogen and volatility organic substance from vehicle exhaust and other waste source via a series of photochemical reaction and produce ozone, which gathers near ground. It may reduce body's function or bring respiratory tract diseases, make vegetation aberrance and mutation.

Influences and effects of air pollution from vehicle exhaust are long-term. To reduce vehicle exhaust is making the best use gas fuel besides using public traffic. The familiar two gas fuels are: liquefied gad and natural gas (or marsh gas). The practice of Europe indicates that using gas can reduce more than 70% nitrogen and 95% particles compared to the standard. Therefore, abroad using gas fuel can improve air quality in effect.

When plumbum enter body, some of it excretes out of body via dejecta and sweat and the rest dissolve into blood and hobble blood compound, leading to anaemia, even arteriosclerosis, enteron ulceration and bleeding from eyeground; if it intrudes into brain never tissue, the brain will lack of oxygen and nutriment, destroy brain tissue and even lead to deformity for life. These symptoms are disadvantage to enfant because they are more sensitive to plumbum. Saturnism in enfant result in stunting slow, appetite descent, ainconvenient stepping and coprostasis, insomnia; as to pupil, the symptoms followed are hearing obstacle, attention absence, low intelligence, etc. Plumbum entering into pregnant woman will infect fetus development or even lead to abnotmality.

To avoid saturnism is to keep away from plumbum and reinforce self-protection. First, food utensil donot make of materials containing plumbum; do not to strees or roads where plumbum pollution is severe and heavy traffic; man must bath and change clothes in time when he opposing the place containing high plumburm; do medical examination periodly in order to discover and cure.

When sulfur dioxide or nitrogen comes into atmosphere and rises, even meets with water, virtriol and nitric acid come into being, and make rain acidificated, the rain dropt to ground is acid rain. The acid rain caused mainly by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen from burning of coal and oil. Acid rain bring many hazards: rotting building and industry facilities; destroying cultural relic and historic site; attainting leaves and leading vegetate to die; killing fishes and shrimps; destroying soil composition and making crops' output reduction; acidificating ground water and harmful to human health.

　Reducing sulfur dioxide from burning coal and nitrogen from car are the main mode to reduce acid rain. As to factory desulfuration equipment should be adopted and at the same time using rat should be raised. Society and people's measures and actions: 1) using gas or natural gas instead of coal; 2) economizing electricity (the great mass of power plant burning coal); 3) sustaining public traffic to reduce vehicles; 4) buying commodities simply packed ( because the act of packing consume electricity and packing has none to consumer ); 5) sustaining waste reclaiming (may economize electricity and coal ).